What are the stages of development proposed by Erik Erikson?

Erik Erikson proposed eight stages of development that span across the entire lifespan, each characterized by a specific psychosocial challenge or crisis that must be resolved for healthy psychological development. These stages begin in infancy and extend into late adulthood, reflecting the evolution of personal and social identities. Each stage involves a conflict that individuals face, such as trust vs. mistrust in infancy, autonomy vs. shame and doubt in toddlerhood, and integrity vs. despair in old age.

Successfully resolving these crises leads to the development of a corresponding virtue or psychological strength, contributing to a sense of competence and well-being. The psychosocial nature of Erikson's theory highlights the importance of social relationships and societal influences in shaping personality and development, distinguishing it from other developmental theories that may focus solely on cognitive or moral aspects. This comprehensive framework allows for a deeper understanding of how individuals grow and develop in relation to their social environments throughout their lives.