The aspect of temperament defined as the ability to control attention and inhibit responses to stimuli is self-regulation. This concept refers to an individual's capacity to manage their emotions, behaviors, and thoughts in pursuit of long-term goals. Self-regulation is crucial for effective functioning in various environments, allowing individuals to adapt their responses to social situations and maintain focus on relevant tasks.
Self-regulation encompasses skills such as delaying gratification, controlling impulses, and maintaining attention. For instance, a child who can resist the temptation of a toy in order to complete their homework demonstrates effective self-regulation skills. This ability is fundamental in various developmental tasks, including academic achievement and social interactions.
In contrast, emotional reactivity involves how intensely a person responds to emotional stimuli and does not specifically focus on attentional control or inhibiting responses. Impulsivity refers to acting without forethought, which is the opposite of self-regulation. Social adaptability involves adjusting one's behavior in social situations, but it is more related to social skills than the inhibitory control described in the question.