Who is known for popularizing frontal lobotomies in the United States during the 20th century?

The popularization of frontal lobotomies in the United States is primarily attributed to Walter Freeman. He was a neurologist who believed that this surgical procedure could alleviate various forms of mental illness by severing connections in the brain's frontal lobe. Freeman's enthusiasm for the procedure led him to travel across the country, conducting lobotomies in a variety of settings, including mental hospitals and even in informal environments like patient's homes. His approach, which emphasized the potential benefits of lobotomies, was met with both acclaim and criticism, but he undeniably played a significant role in bringing this controversial treatment to mainstream attention during the mid-20th century.

In contrast, the other individuals listed are not associated with the promotion of frontal lobotomies. Harold Shipman was a physician known for his criminal activities rather than any contributions to psychiatric procedures. Philip Pinel is recognized for his work in moral treatment and is considered a pioneer in humane psychiatric care, but he had no connection to lobotomies. Sigmund Freud is famous for developing psychoanalysis and understanding unconscious processes, but he did not advocate for surgical interventions in mental health. Thus, Walter Freeman stands out for his influence on the practice of lobotomy in the U.S.